#LyX 1.4.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/ \lyxformat 245 \begin_document \begin_header \textclass article \language turkish \inputencoding auto \fontscheme default \graphics default \paperfontsize default \spacing single \papersize default \use_geometry false \use_amsmath 1 \cite_engine basic \use_bibtopic false \paperorientation portrait \secnumdepth 3 \tocdepth 3 \paragraph_separation skip \defskip medskip \quotes_language english \papercolumns 1 \papersides 1 \paperpagestyle default \tracking_changes false \output_changes false \end_header \begin_body \begin_layout Title Pardus Init System \end_layout \begin_layout Standard \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{} \end_inset \newpage \end_layout \begin_layout Section Introduction \end_layout \begin_layout Standard All the operations held beginning with the the moment the operating system's kernel starts and the moment the user can log in is the boot phase. Mounting file systems, loading hardware drivers, starting system services and loading the graphical interface and presenting the login screen are all part of this process. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the computer is to be shut down, stopping of the services and unmounting mounted filesystems is also held by the same process. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With Pardus release 1.1, we have moved to a new system that we call Müdür, leaving behind the classical boot process that is based on shell. This document explains the usage of this new system, which allows a faster boot and initialization, and that which is easier to develop and maintain as it is written in Python. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The sections "Boot Process", "Basic Usage", and "Settings" are aimed towards users, and they explain the basic terms and information that may be needed in specific conditions. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The sections "Packaging Information" and "Service Scripts" are aimed towards system administrators and integrators, and provide information needed when preparing a Pisi package or adding Pardus support to a third-party application. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The section "Technical Structure" is aimed towards programmers and explains the components and details of Müdür to those who want to examine or develop it. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Boot Process \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the computer powers up, the software named BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) on the mainboard starts running. After completing its own internal check and hardware preparation processes, it loads and runs the small boot loader application found in the MBR (Master Boot Record) at the very beginning of the default boot device (which can be a connected hard disk, CD-ROM drive or a USB disk). \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Boot Loader \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the installation of Pardus, the default boot loader Grub will be put to the beginning of the disk Pardus is installed to, and if there are any other operating systems in the disk, they will be written to the Grub settings file. This way, you can choose which operating system you want to run from the Grub menu when you turn on your computer.. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Boot loader loads the operating system kernel that you chose into memory with the help of BIOS procedures (called interrupts), and passes execution to the kernel. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The Linux kernel can be compiled customizedly by choosing what hardware drivers to contain.These drivers can either be included in the kernel or in the system as modules to be loaded when necessary.As unused drivers increase the size and memory consumption of the kernel, we distribute hardware drivers as seperate modules as much as possible.This way, it is also possible to easily update by removing a module and installing its new version \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In moving on to the kernel from the boot loader, a kernel that does not contain the driver of the storage device can easily be loaded as the boot loader uses the device with the help of BIOS, but the kernel can not go on the boot/init process as it won't be able to "reach" this device once it gets the execution from the BIOS.As it is not practical to put the drivers to many storage environments, the boot loader loads into memory a second file called initrd (init ram disk) together with the kernel to solve this problem.In this file, less common storage device drivers are included, like a small file system.The kernel removes this file from the memory after loading necessary drivers (if any) from inside it. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* The Kernel \end_layout \begin_layout Standard After the kernel takes over hardware management and finishes its "preparations", opens the file system defined as root and starts the program /sbin/init.This program, being the base process, administers other processes.It runs the commands givens in the settings file for some predefined events (turning on the computer, shutting it down, power management etc.) \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Müdür \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the command /sbin/mudur.py, the main part of Müdür, is called by init when booting, it starts the udev service that is used for device management and automatic hardware recognition (hotplug). This service handles jobs like automatically running the related software and creating files under /dev directory that are needed to access the plugged device/inserted media when you plug in a USB disk or insert a CD.Müdür then checks the filesystems in those storage devices and mounts them. With /sbin/muavin.py, another part of Müdür, Müdür makes load the other hardware that is already in or part of the computer (coldplug) but whose driver is not included in initrd. When a new hardware is plugged, Muavin is also called by udev and handles loading of the driver(s). After sychronizing system clock with the hardware clock and making base network settings, Müdür starts Çomar, the configuration manager of Pardus. As a last step, it commands Çomar to start the services. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When called during shutdown, it first tells Çomar to stop the services. Then synchronizes the system clock with the hardware clock again. Lastly, it unmounts mounted filesystems accordingly and makes sure they are turned off without data loss. After Müdür finishes its job, the init command gives the kernel the necessary command to turn off or restart the computer. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Services \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Services are software that present the user or other programs with some functions, running in the background. For example, zemberek gives software Turkish syntax support, DBus provides desktop applications inter-communication, and cups provides printer support. Server software like SSH (which allows remote connections) also work as a service and are manageable. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When the services are started, the KDM (KDE Desktop Manager) service brings forward the user login screen. When username and password are entered, that user's desktop is loaded and starts running. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Basic Usage \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Boot and hardware recognition systems run mostly automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use Service Manager that is in System Options in Pardus Configuration Manager for jobs like seeing which services are installed in your computer, setting them to start or not when booting, checking the services' status, and restarting them when needed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To manage services from command line and scripts, there is also the /bin/service command. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To see installed packages and their status, give the: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service \end_layout \begin_layout Standard command without a parameter or with the "list" parameter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The commands \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh start \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh stop \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh restart \end_layout \begin_layout Standard will start, stop or restart the service given as the first parameter. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The command \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh reload \end_layout \begin_layout Standard in some services, makes the service reload its settings files and rearrange itself accordingly without stopping the server. It is not in use and effective in every service. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh on \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code service openssh off \end_layout \begin_layout Standard commands, you can start and stop the services in the same manner. But the services that you start or stop this way will start if turned "on" or will not start if turned "off" at the next bootup. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* RunLevels \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The init command that runs the base process jobs has a runlevel concept. This runlevel system, historically between 0 and 6, is used to get the system to certain conditions. These levels are, \end_layout \begin_layout Description 0 Turn the system off \end_layout \begin_layout Description 1 Get the system to single-user mode \end_layout \begin_layout Description 2-5 User defined \end_layout \begin_layout Description 6 Restart the system \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The command /sbin/telinit could be used to change runlevel. What to do in which runlevel is defined in the file /etc/inittab. In Pardus, these levels call müdür with the corresponding parametrer and only one of the user defined runlevels is used as the normal runlevel. These müdür parameters are \end_layout \begin_layout Description sysinit Do the base boot/init operations \end_layout \begin_layout Description boot Do the rest of the boot/init operations \end_layout \begin_layout Description shutdown Do shutdown operations (runlevel 0) \end_layout \begin_layout Description single Get the system to single-user mode (level 1) \end_layout \begin_layout Description default Run the services (level 3) \end_layout \begin_layout Description reboot Do shutdown operations (level 6) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A level you could need here is the single-user level, which you could get to with the commands "telinit 5" and "telinit 1". In this level, müdür shuts down the services and you can login as root and do things like repairing the system. You can give the command "telinit 3" to return to normal run mode. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use reboot and halt commands for shutdown; look at the "shutdown" command for more flexible shutdown operations. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Records \end_layout \begin_layout Standard System language, keyboard map and locale has predefined values in müdür. They can be set in the file /etc/conf.d/mudur and can be changed via kernel parameter mudur. After Müdür sets these values, for programs like kdm to not visit the same places and again for them to get the values easily, it writes them to files named keymap, language and locale in /etc/mudur/. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Müdür saves the events it encounters to /var/log/mudur.log. Part of a sample file: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Aug 26 13:55:08 (up 7.65) /sbin/mudur.py sysinit \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Aug 26 10:55:15 (up 14.44) /sbin/mudur.py boot \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Aug 26 10:55:16 (up 15.84) /sbin/mudur.py default \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code Aug 26 15:58:42 (up 18221.40) /sbin/mudur.py shutdown \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The lines have the form "date (job run time) information". Job run time is calculated as the seconds that has passed since the kernel started working. It is put there in order to show better the time of the event as there occurs a correction in date when synchronizing the system clock to hardware clock in boot. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the example, müdür is called for base boot/init operations towards the 8th second, for the rest of the boot/init operations towards the 15th second, and is called at around the 16th second for it to start the services. And it once again runs for shutdown operations after a work of about five hours. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In normal run mode, only warning and error messages and call statuses are written to this file. If you want all output of müdür to be saved, you can do so with a debug=1 line in /etc/conf.d/mudur or with a mudur=debug kernel parameter given in the boot loader. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Other Commands \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* /sbin/muavin.py \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Muavin that loads device drivers lists which drivers to load for the found devices when called with the -debug parameter. This can be informative when there is a problem with hardware recognition.If you want it to load these drivers, you can use the --coldplug parameter. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* /sbin/update-environment \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might have to use this command, which you won't normally need, if you compiled a program manually. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some programs need environment variables that needs to be set in the system and user sessions. For example Java wants the directory name that the Java executables are in to be set in a variable named JAVA_HOME. Applications, -like QT- putting their libraries in non-standard locations like /usr/qt3/lib instead of standard locations like /usr/lib want to add their own directory path to environment variables like LDPATH, which shows where loadable libraries can be found. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The directory /etc/env.d is used for program packages to be able to assign values to these variables. When a pisi package puts a file here, the command update-environment run by the help of Çomar reads these files and creates a profile file for the system shell, changes the file /etc/ld.so.conf file to contain the new paths if the library paths have changed, and makes the dynamic library loader index these new directories in the file /etc/ld.so.cache using the command /sbin/ldconfig. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* /sbin/update-modules \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You might have to use these command, which you won't normally need to run, if you compiled a kernel module manually. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This command, run after the installation of pisi packages that contain kernel modules by Çomar, runs the command /sbin/depmod, and creates the files modules.*map, modules.dep and modules.alias that show which devices these modules support and their dependencies. These files that are in directories like /lib/modules/2.6.16.24-29/ for each kernel are used by muavin and the modprobe command. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Also if the package has placed a file in the directory /etc/modules.d/, these files are scanned and the file /etc/modprobe.conf, showing the load type and parameteres is updated. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Bootloader Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The list of operating systems in the menu of the bootloader and with what parameters the kernel will run is set from the file /boot/grub/grub.conf. You can get detailed information on these settings from the documentation of the Grub software. You can also change these settings only for that session when your choice cursor is on the system that you will boot by pressing 'e' when the computer is turned on and the Grub menu comes out. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The kernel line in the operating system records of Grub define the Linux kernel to be loaded and its parameters. The syntax is as follows: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code kernel (device)/file param1=value param2=value1,value2,value3 param3 ... \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The first part is the the storage device the kernel is in and the filename of the kernel. After that comes the parameteres to be sent to that kernel.Parameters can be alone, with a value, or with more than one value. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some kernel parameters that can be needed: \end_layout \begin_layout Description quiet This option, on by default, disallows the kernel to print technical data that it finds when scanning for hardware, if there is a hardware problem that occurred before müdür started, you can remove this option and ger more information. \end_layout \begin_layout Description splash Makes show a graphical logo at boot, for a textmode boot, remove this option and "console" option. \end_layout \begin_layout Description noacpi In some BIOSes that do not comply to the standards, it is possible to run the kernel with this option. \end_layout \begin_layout Description mudur You can change some settings of müdür with this option. It is explained in more detail in the section "Müdür settings". \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can find all the kernel parameters and their explanations in /usr/src/linux/ Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt after installing the kernel-source package. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Müdür Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Müdür is called by init, and init settings which you normally won't need to modify are found in the file /etc/inittab. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The settings of Müdür itself can be made in /etc/conf.d/mudur file and the kernel parameter mudur given with the bootloader. The settings given from the kernel are used instead of the ones in the file. \end_layout \begin_layout Description safe If this option is given, some hardware operations that can cause problems won't be made and of the services, only the kdm service and the services it depends on will be run. \end_layout \begin_layout Description language It defines the language that will be used in boot and the login screen. The default value is Turkish. If the installation is done in another language, that language is selected in the settings file. \end_layout \begin_layout Description keymap If you don't want to use the default keyboard map of the system language, you can select another map with this option. \end_layout \begin_layout Description clock If you hardware clock is set according to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) set its value to UTC, if your hardware clock is set to local time set its value to local.The default value is local time.This option can only be given in the settings file. \end_layout \begin_layout Description tty_number If the number of textmode consoles you want to use is different than six, you can define this option.This option can only be given in the settings file. \end_layout \begin_layout Description debug If this option is given, müdür will save all its output in the file /var/log/mudur.log, and provide error correction information. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Some samples: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mudur=safe,debug \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code mudur=language:tr,keymap:trf \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Hardware Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The kernel modules that could not be loaded at bootup or you want loaded whatever happens, you can write one module name in each line to files named like kernel-x.y.z under the directory /etc/modules.autoload.d directory.When looking for these files, if for example kernel 2.6.16.24 is running, kernel-2.6.16 and kernel-2.6 files will be checked in that order. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard In the same manner, if there are modules that cause trouble if autoloaded, they can be written to the file /etc/hotplug/blacklist or any file in /etc/hotp lug/blacklist.d/ directory again one module name in one line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard To give specific parameters to modules, you can create a file in /etc/modules.d and give commands like alias, install, options according to the syntax given in modprobe.conf.The update-modules command which is a part of Müdür looks for these files and creates a /etc/modprobe.conf file.Do not write your commands to this file directly as it will be automatically overwritten when you install a new module package or kernel. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It is enough to put a rule file in the /etc/udev/rules.d/ directory in order to do things like making settings, naming or running a specific program when a hardware is plugged.When a files with an extension of .rules is put here, it is automatically involved in the system.For the syntax of the rules file, check udev documentation. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Müdür can set some of the hard disk parameters during boot-up. If you are in such a need, you can give the parameters you want to the disks you want in the /etc/conf.d/hdparm file.To learn what the parameters are, check the documentation for the hdparm command.As some parameters can cause you trouble, it is advised to be careful.The syntax of the file consists of lines like, device name = \begin_inset Quotes eld \end_inset parameters \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset . Device name can be any harddisk device found under the /dev/ directory, or "all" for all the disks connected. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Other Settings \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can use the /etc/sysctl.conf file for kernel settings that are lost when shut down and are done with the help of filesystem /proc/sys.For example, in order to turn off answering to pings sent to all computers, you can add a line like: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1 \end_layout \begin_layout Standard . When this file is read during boot-up, this particular ability of the kernel will be run by writing the value "1" to the icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts file under /proc/sys/net/ipv4. For more information, you can consult to kernel documentation and the sysctl command. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The settings files of the services are also generally in the directory /etc/conf. d/ \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Two important files among them are the local.start and local.stop files. The first one is a shell script run when booting up and the second one is a shell script run when shutting down.If needed, you can put your own commands in these files which are not used by Pardus and which belong totally to the users. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Packaging Information \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When creating a Pisi package, you might encounter situations where you need to make the program you packed part of the boot-up process. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Kernel Module Packages \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When making a package that includes kernel modules, you must not include the modules.* files from right under the /lib/modules/2.6.xx.xx/ directory, or else you may come up with file conflicts. These files will be automatically generated using the update-modules command by scanning the modules in the system when module packages are being installed. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If these files are generated in the package installation directory when building the module, you can simply delete them in actions.py by a \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code pisitools.remove("/lib/modules/*/modules.*") \end_layout \begin_layout Standard line. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want a module to be loaded whatsoever in every boot, you can have it written as a line in kernel-2.x or kernel-2.x.y file (depending on your need) under the directory /etc/modules.autoload.d/ in your Çomar System.Package script. Also check if a line like that is already in the file. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If it necessary to avoid automatic loading of a module even if the hardware exists, you must write the module name to a seperate line in a file named the same as your package name in /etc/hotplug/blacklist.d/ directory. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard The modules to your parameters you must also write to a file that has your module's name in the /etc/modules.d/ directory.During the installation, update-mo dules will again automatically update /etc/modprobe.conf file. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Hardware Packages \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Use the udev system in order to catch hardware freezes and do somethings on them.It shall be enough to put the rules file that you will prepare to /etc/udev/rules.d/ directory. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Service Packages \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you are packing a file that will work and serve in the background, or if there are commands that you need run during bootup, you need to write a Çomar System.Service script and add it to your package.Information on that script is given in the next section. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Environment Variables \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you want to send environment variables to the shell and make additions to library or command paths, it is enough to put lines like \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code LALA= \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset trying \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code LDPATH= \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset /usr/lala/lib \begin_inset Quotes erd \end_inset \end_layout \begin_layout Standard to a file in /etc/env.d/ directory.To define priorities to your variables, name the file like XXpackagename where XX is a number between 00 to 99. When these files are interpreted and added to the system, the system starts with 00 and goes towards 99, and each new value overwrites the previous one. This is true except for variables about paths, like PATH, LDPATH, MANPATH etc., as those are added to one another with : signs. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Service Scripts \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Çomar System.Service Class \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Service scripts written for Müdür get recorded in this class in Çomar, and they provide the following methods: \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.info \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Returns information about the service. The first line gives the type of the service, the second gives status, and the last line gives the localized name of the service. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard There are three types of services: \end_layout \begin_layout Description server Init scripts of web, shell or email services like Apache, OpenSSH, and Postfix, serving other computers. \end_layout \begin_layout Description local Init scripts of services like DBus, HAL and Zemberek that serve local software for the Pardus desktop to function properly. \end_layout \begin_layout Description script Scripts that do not start a service but rather do some predefined functons in the boot process. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard A service can be in four situations: \end_layout \begin_layout Description on The service is on at all times and is currently working. \end_layout \begin_layout Description started The service is normally turned off but is started by the user. \end_layout \begin_layout Description stopped The service is normally on but is stopped for some reason, or it could not start normally. \end_layout \begin_layout Description off The service is turned off. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Service type and name, is designed to be shown in user interfaces. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.start \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Starts the service. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.stop \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Stops the service. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.reload \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If the service supports the operation, this makes the service reload its settings and refresh itself. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.setState (state) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Changes the state of the service.If the "state" parameter is given "on", the service gets started and is set to start everytime the system is turned on or restarted.Giving the state "off" will stop the service and remove it from system init procedures so that it doesn't start automatically. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.ready \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If the service is set "on", this calls the start method. Müdür sends this message to all of the services at boot and starts them. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* System.Service.changed \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This warning is sent when the status of the service changes. Returns parameter "started" or "stopped". \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Çomar comar.service Module \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Frequently used functions in service scripts are provided in this Python module, which comes with the comar-api package. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard When you use \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code from comar.service import * \end_layout \begin_layout Standard in your scripts, the info, setState and ready methods will be defined for you.This way, you can write a service script with only the start and stop methods.These readily available functions get script type and name information from the serviceType and serviceDesc variables that you will define in your script. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard If you write a status function that returns True if your service is running or False otherwise, it will be used when reporting the status of your service in the info call. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Even if you import this module, you can define these functions yourself; and in that case, what you defined in your script will be used. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard You can also find these functions in the module: \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* run() \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Runs a command (its parameter) without starting a new shell and returns the command's return value. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code run("/sbin/start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --exec /usr/sbin/cpufreqd") \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* checkDaemon() \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Checks to see if the service pointed by the pid file is running or not. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An example: \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code def status(): \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code return checkDaemon("/var/run/kdm.pid") \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* waitBus() \end_layout \begin_layout Standard Returns True if the Unix socket whose filename is given as a parameter could be connected or False otherwise. You can use this command to wait if there is a time gap between the start of a service and it being able to listen to the clients. \end_layout \begin_layout Standard With the optional parameter "timeout", you can set the maximum waiting time (default 5 seconds) and with the again optional parameter "wait", you can set the interval between the "tries" (default 0.1 second). If you are trying to connect to a socket of the type datagram rather than of type stream, you must also provide a parameter "stream" with a value of "false". \end_layout \begin_layout Standard An example (is the log service ready?): \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code waitBus("/dev/log", stream=False) \end_layout \begin_layout Standard One more: (is the dbus service ready?): \end_layout \begin_layout LyX-Code waitBus("/var/lib/dbus/system_bus_socket") \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* loadEnvironment() \end_layout \begin_layout Standard It reads the environment variables from the /etc/profile.env file and makes them accessible for the currently-running process. This way, you can run the services that use those variables without starting a new shell. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsubsection* config \end_layout \begin_layout Standard This is actually a Python dictionary variable containing the settings as name=value pairs found in /etc/conf.d/scriptpackagename.If the name of the settings file you are using is different from that of the script package name, you can assign the filename to the serviceConf variable (again as a file in /etc/conf.d) \end_layout \begin_layout Section Technical Structure \end_layout \begin_layout Standard We are using a structure as modern as possible in Pardus boot system. Works like creating device files and recognizing hardware are handled totally by udev, netlink socket connection is used instead of the old hotplug system between the kernel and udev, finding of the module of a hardware is held dynamically by comparing information like producer/product that come from the sysfs file system and what hardware already installed modules support; the boot system and service scripts are written in the high-level language of Python. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Our primary approach \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Hardware recognition must be dynamic, the installed system must be able to keep on working normally without requiring any manual settings when hardware changes occur. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize Integration of the programs to the system must be easy and free of potential problems. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize An early problem in the boot probess makes it hard to rescue the system; and thus, primary operations must be very concrete, and the system must try and work to fix it when an error occurs, and must provide more secure boot options. \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize The system must be flexible, but nevertheless provide the requires performance. \end_layout \begin_layout Subsection* Design Decisions \end_layout \begin_layout Description The reason for choosing Python is pretty obvious.We chose a language which is easy to read and maintain, which has a powerful support for string, list and dictionary types, which is object-oriented and functional, in which fast and clean programming is the main consideration.The sourcecode size decreases drastically, and on the other side, our properties and speed increases. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Disk\InsetSpace ~ speed That pretty high reading speed of harddisks fall considerably as a result of the unnecessary movements of the harddisk's reader heads. Among the reasons of these unnecessary movements are the fragmentation of the filesystem, access to many files, making the read and write operations in one another on different files, and making read operations not at once but one piece at a time. In order to avoid that, we kept the main part of Müdür as a single file (mudur.py), we called external files with their full path (like /sbin/mount), we made use of the advantage of the Python interpreter providing many modules (os, sys, string, time, glob etc.) being loaded at once, and we avoided using temporary files which has to be used frequently as a result of the kernel's weakness. \end_layout \begin_layout Description Çomar We chose using Çomar scripts instead of the classical shell scripts under /etc/init.d/. The disadvantage here is having to use the service scripts again. But there being software which require service scripts in distribution under 5%, it being only composed of only writing a start and stop method in a language easy as Python, and Pisi packagers being already working with Python make this disadvantage practically unimportant. Using an already established Çomar structure makes it easy to write tools to manage the services and distribute service management authority to users. \end_layout \begin_layout Description init Unlike other boot system trials (like initng, depinit), we kept away from changing the base process.This process does its job very good and has the power of years in it. We do not start working parallelly before the boot process ends; we are running Çomar and the services parallel and Müdür is started by init. \end_layout \begin_layout Description sleep The command we stay most away from. Instead of "sleep"ing for a while and assuming that the events we are waiting for are completed, we check if those events are actually realized.For example, instead of starting syslogd and waiting for a second before going on with the operations, we wait for the /dev/log socket to be open; this way, it works both faster and more concrete. \end_layout \begin_layout Description udev It is used by almost all distributions. It is much more clean and flexible than the classical /dev directory which is kept in the disk and the devfs which is part of the kernel for a while and then is thrown away. \end_layout \begin_layout Description During hardware recognition, our muavin program is between udev and modprobe. Our purpose in not modprobing the MODALIAS value that comes from the kernel is to be able to include a more flexible control in-between. MODALIAS is not yet successful especially in buses like ISAPNP. Muavin also takes care of modules like CPU frequency modules which include more heuristic methods. \end_layout \begin_layout Section Document History \end_layout \begin_layout Itemize First release (2006-08-25), Gürer Özen \end_layout \end_body \end_document